Синтаксические функции причастия
Причастие может выступать в предложении как: определение (все формы, кроме Perfect Participle), обстоятельство (времени, причины, образа действия и др.) часто в сочетании с союзом (when, while, if), часть сказуемого, части сложного дополнения и обстоятельства, выраженные предикативным оборотом. В нижеследующих таблицах систематизируются наиболее общие случаи употребления причастий в этих функциях, а также способы их перевода на русский язык.
Present participle active (participle I) | ||||
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Функция | Значение | Место в предложении | Пример | Способ перевода |
my-en.ru | ||||
I Определение | Действие, одновременноe с действием, выраженным глаголом в личной форме | Перед существительным | They looked at the flying plane. - Они смотрели на летевший самолет. | Причастием на: -щий -вший |
После существительного | The student reading the article is my friend. - Студент, читающий статью, – мой друг. | |||
II Обстоятельство 1 времени | a) Действие, одновременное с действием, выраженным глаголом в личной форме | В начале предложения (после союзов when, while) | (While) reading the article he used a dictionary. - Читая статью, он использовал словарь. | Деепричастием на -а -я |
б) Действие, предшесвующее действию, выраженному глаголом в личной форме | Receiving the telegram (= When he received the telegram) he rang up the director. - Получив телеграмму (= Когда он получил телеграмму), он позвонил директору. Coming to the office (=When he came to the office) he sent a fax. - Придя в офис (=Когдаон пришел в офис), он отправил факс. | Деепричастием на -в -я | ||
2 образа действия | На 4-ом месте в предложении | He ran up to me breathing heavily. - Он подбежал ко мне, тяжело дыша. | Деепрчастием на -а -я | |
3 причины | После глагола to be | Not knowing her address, he could not write to her. - Не зная ее адреса, мы не могли написать ей. | ||
III Часть сказуемого 1 простого глагольного | Действие в процессе | После глагола to be | He is reading now. - Он сейчас читает. He has been reading since morning. - Он читает с утра. | Глаголом несовершенного вида |
2 составного именного | Состояние | The trip was extremely tiring. – Поездка была чрезвычайно утомительной. | Прилагательным |
Скачать и распечатать таблицу: Случаи употребления причастий.
Past participle passive (participle II) | ||||
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Функция | Место в предложении | Пример | Способ перевода | |
my-en.ru | ||||
I Определение | Перед существительным | The broken part of the machine should be replaced immediately. – Сломанная деталь машины должна быть заменена немедленно. | Причастием на -мый -ный -тый -вшийся -щийся | |
После существительного | The letter written by him is very short. – Написанное им письмо очень короткое. | |||
II Обcтоятельство 1 времени | В начале предложения (после союза when) | (When) Asked whether he would return soon he answered that he would be away for several months. – Когда его спросили, скоро ли он вернется, он ответил, что будет отсутствовать в течение нескольких месяцев. | Придаточным обстоятельственным предложением | |
2 причины и других oбстоятельственных значений | В начале предложения (после союзов as, unless, if и др.) | Squееzed by the ice, the steamer could not continue her way. – Сжатый льдом (=Так как пароход был сжат льдом), пароход не мог продолжать свой путь. | Причастием на -мый -ный -тый | |
Though expected on Saturday she arrived on Monday. – Хотя ее ожидали в субботу, она приехала только в понедельник. | Придаточным обстоятельственным предложением | |||
III Именная часть составного сказуемого | После глагола to be | The pencil is broken. – Карандаш сломан. | Кратким страдательным причастием. |
Скачать и распечатать: Случаи употребления причастий. Таблица 2.
Упражнения
Упражнение 21. Переведите следующие предложения с Present Participle Active в функции:
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a) определения
- The student reading the article doesn’t use a dictionary.
- The student reading the article didn’t use a dictionary.
- Nowadays there is a growing interest in learning foreign languages.
- All visitors touring the art museum were asked to sign the guest book.
- He picked up the letter lying on the floor.
- People starting to learn a foreign language sometimes find it difficult to memorize words.
- Tourists arriving in London visit various museums.
- They looked at the train passing by.
- We are all concerned about the rising level of pollution.
- I think he is the best poet living.
b) обстоятельства
- Knowing English well he can read scientific journals without any difficulty.
- Knowing English well he could translate articles without a dictionary.
- Reading books in the original you will master English very quickly.
- Explaining the rule the teacher cited a lot of examples illustrating it.
- Testing the engine the engineer applied new methods.
- When testing the engine the engineer applied new methods.
- While unloading the ship they broke some cases.
- He left the room leaving the door open.
- Receiving the telegram he hurried up to the station.
- Arriving in London we went sightseeing.
c) части сказуемого
- She is studying English at the University.
- She has been learning English since last autumn.
- He was reading a book when I came.
- He said he had been working since early morning.
- Don’t call him tonight – he will be working at his report.
- The film was amusing.
- Dick’s answer is surprising.
- It was an exhausting walk.
- The change of schedule was confusing for all the passengers.
- Nick’s courage was astonishing.
Упражнение 22. Определите функцию Present Participle Active в следующих предложениях и переведите их на русский язык.
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- He is telling her an amusing story now.
- A person telling us good news is always welcome.
- She has been skating since morning.
- While skating yesterday he fell and hurt his leg.
- When writing the letter he tried to follow the "Golden rules" of writing a letter: a letter should be clear, complete, concise, courteous, correct.
- Not knowing the man, I can’t introduce you to him.
- His stories are always amusing.
- Trains going to Moscow are scheduled to depart every hour.
- Receiving an e-mail message he always takes it to the manager.
- They have been living in France for years.
- They spoke about their relatives living in France.
- When I came in he was writing a letter.
- Not remembering the title of the book, we had to ask our teacher.
- The rising sun was hidden by the clouds.
- While examining the old vase we saw some cracks on it.
Упражнение 23. Переведите следующие предложения с Past Participle Passive (Participle II) в функции:
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a) определения
- The house built in this street is very beautiful.
- The issue discussed at the last meeting is of great importance for our company.
- They have to repair the broken parts of this engine.
- The data found by the researchers is valuable for their future work.
- The composition written by this student is excellent.
- We shall use instruments of improved design.
- The method proposed by this young researcher was not acceptable.
- The results obtained by this group are very good.
- There are many illustrated magazines in our reading-room.
- The discovery made by him is of great value.
b) обстоятельства и именной части сказуемого
- When asked, he answered all the questions.
- This book is sold everywhere.
- Unless discussed, the new method must not be used.
- When translated, the instruction became perfectly understood.
- When offered help, he accepted it with gratitude.
- Ice melts when heated.
- If frozen, water becomes ice.
- When corrected, the article was published.
- When produced, the parts will be sent to various plants.
- As my watch was broken, I had to buy a new one.
- If corrected, the article will be published.
- When you go through the customs, your luggage will be checked.
- When cooled, the solution was tested.
- The letters have already been typed.
- Packed in cases, the goods were not damaged.
- When subjected to high temperature, this substance changes its properties.
- This device was installed yesterday.
- When installed, the device will be ready for operation.
- The project has just been completed.
- Completed in due time, the book was accepted by the publishing house.
Упражнение 24. Определите функцию Past Participle Passive в следующих предложениях и переведите их на русский язык.
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- The meeting was attended by over five thousand people.
- If asked, he will tell them all about it.
- Our manager presented the approved plan to the audience.
- The book just referred to has been translated into Russian.
- Asked whether she would participate in the conference she answered that she would.
- Lake Baikal, known to be the deepest in the world, is fed by 336 rivers.
- When asked, he couldn’t answer the question.
- The decision taken by him is important for our business operation.
- This pencil is broken. Can I have another one?
- The match was watched by thousands of people.
- The price will be agreed upon during the talks.
- Though expected on Sunday, he arrived on Monday.
- There are many hidden rocks in the stream.
- This firm is interested in the purchase of automobiles produced by our plant.
- The terms agreed upon were included in the contract.
Содержание
- Оборот for плюс существительное плюс инфинитив
- Причастие. Неличные формы глагола.
- Сложные формы причастия
- Синтаксические функции причастия
- Употребление причастия в функции определения
- Сопоставление Past Participle Passive
- Present Participle
- Перевод английских причастий на русский язык
- Определительные причастные обороты
- Обстоятельственные причастные обороты
- Введение. Неличные формы английского глагола (Смотреть все)